This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the ecological, health-related, and socio-economic dimensions of cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater systems. Cyanobacteria are ancient photosynthetic microorganisms essential to aquatic ecosystems; however, under certain environmental conditions—such as nutrient enrichment, warming temperatures, and hydrological changes—they can proliferate excessively, forming harmful blooms. These blooms not only disrupt ecological balance by reducing light penetration, oxygen levels, and biodiversity, but also pose serious risks to human and animal health through the release of potent cyanotoxins. This chapter explores key drivers of bloom formation, including climate change, anthropogenic nutrient loading, land-use transformations, and altered mixing regimes in water bodies. It also delves into the morphology and taxonomy of bloom-forming genera and the environmental factors that enhance their growth and dominance. Field-based and remote sensing techniques for bloom detection are examined alongside emerging tools such as environmental DNA and machine learning-based predictive models. The discussion further highlights the wide-ranging impacts of cyanobacterial blooms—from ecosystem degradation to human illness, economic losses, and diminished recreational opportunities. Management strategies are reviewed, focusing on nutrient reduction, biological and chemical interventions, and governance frameworks that promote adaptive, evidence-based decision-making. Future directions emphasize the integration of advanced technologies, climate-resilient approaches, and global collaboration. Recognizing that cyanobacterial blooms reflect deeper systemic issues, this chapter calls for interdisciplinary action and long-term commitment to safeguard freshwater resources in an era of accelerating environmental change.