Biomedical waste management is a key aspect of public health and environmental safety and requires strict adherence to established rules, practices, and innovative treatment technologies. Effective management of medical waste requires understanding of legal frameworks and international treaties to mitigate health and environmental risks. This includes regulations such as India’s Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016 and international agreements such as the Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste (Krueger in International trade and the Basel Convention. Earthscan Publications, 1999; Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change in Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016. The Gazette of India, 2016). Advanced treatment technologies such as autoclaving, incineration, microwave disinfection, and the introduction of newer methods such as plasma pyrolysis and chemical disinfection play a key role in ensuring sustainable waste management (Chartier et al. in Safe management of wastes from health-care activities. World Health Organization, 2014; Nema and Ganeshprasad in Curr Sci 83:271–278, 2002). However, challenges remain, including poor isolation practices, lack of infrastructure, and lack of stakeholder awareness (Harhay et al. in Trop Med Int Health 14:1414–1417, 2009). The current perspective emphasizes integrating robust regulatory mechanisms, advanced technologies, and public awareness to achieve effective biomedical waste management and protect both human health and the environment.