The convergence of robotic systems, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things (IoT) is accelerating the transition from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0. This evolution introduces new challenges related to data governance, including integrity, security, interoperability, and real-time exploitation of the vast and heterogeneous data generated by industrial environments. In response, this paper proposes an integrative framework–comprising a functional architecture and associated methodologies–that enables robust data governance and exploitation in Industry 5.0. The innovation lies not in individual technologies, but in their coordinated application: AI, IoT, Blockchain, and Edge Computing are combined to ensure end-to-end data lifecycle management, traceability, and autonomous decision-making. The proposed architecture is structured into four non-hierarchical modules (collection, ingestion, processing/governance, and business) and designed to support interoperability, governance, and real-time analytics. The framework will be applied to a predictive maintenance use case within the PICRAH4.0 project to validate its effectiveness, involving heterogeneous autonomous robotic systems operating simultaneously. This work lays the foundation for scalable, secure, and intelligent data-driven operations in Industry 5.0.