Having a history of significant respiratory disease in the neonatal period in the form of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) can be associated with a prolonged impairment in respiratory health and a specific phenotype of lung disease in childhood and young adulthood. Pulmonary function abnormalities of children and young adults with a history of BPD include airway obstruction which is of fixed and structural nature and is not always responsive to bronchodilators, hyperinflation and chronic inflammation. They also exhibit signs of restrictive lung disease with smaller lung volumes, decreased diffusion capacity and relative exercise intolerance. The pulmonary circulation can also be affected with an increased risk for pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular dysfunction.