Third-Person Plural Pronoun Usage in Early Middle English
摘要
In the light of the evidence provided in Chap. 2 for the use of ‘þ-’ type demonstrative pronouns in Old English in functions overlapping with those of the third-person plural personal pronoun, this chapter analyses the distribution of ‘þ-’ type pronouns (they, their, them) in Early Middle English. It challenges the sole Norse origin theory by showing an inconsistent correlation between ‘þ-’ type pronoun distribution and Scandinavian settlement. The research argues for a native origin, demonstrating morphosyntactic and phonological continuity between Old Northumbrian demonstratives and Northern Middle English ‘þ-’ forms. The findings suggest a pre-existing native system in the North that was reinforced by language contact rather than direct borrowing. The study also establishes patterns of morphosyntactic and phonological continuity between West Saxon and Southwest (Midlands) Middle English ‘þ-’ forms that cannot be explained as the result of external imposition.