This article analyses the process of elaboration and implications of the Advisory Opinion on Climate Emergency and Human Rights issued by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR). It focuses on the catalytic role of the Special Rapporteurship on Economic, Social, Cultural and Environmental Rights (SRESCER) of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR). This analysis is based on the international recognition of the interdependence between environmental deterioration and the protection of human rights, evidencing an increase in the frequency and intensity of adverse meteorological phenomena and their impact on societies and natural systems. This analysis is based on the international recognition that climate change and environmental deterioration are human rights problems. Research highlights how extreme phenomena exacerbated by climate disproportionately affect groups that are in a situation of greater vulnerability, compromising essential rights such as access to water and health. This framework underlines the importance of integrating environmental protection within human rights guarantees. The article also discusses the observations submitted by REDESCA and other actors during the Advisory Opinion process, highlighting the centrality of a human rights-based approach to climate policies. The author’s direct involvement in drafting the written observations and in submitting the oral observations to the IACHR provides a unique and detailed perspective on this legal milestone, crucial to understanding state obligations and rights guarantees in the context of the climate emergency.