Despite the fragmentary nature of the early hominin fossil record, a handful of cranial remains offers the opportunity to provide insights into the size, shape and macroscopic organization of the brainBrain of Paranthropus. The study of eastern and southern African specimens attributed to Paranthropus aethiopicus, Paranthropus boisei and Paranthropus robustus reveals the presence of frontal and occipital petaliasPetalia, and suggests changes in the posterior parietal, anterior occipital and cerebellar regions in geologically younger Paranthropus specimens. Additionally, endocranial capacityEndocranial capacity estimates suggest there was parallel evolutionParallel evolution of brainBrain size in both Paranthropus and Homo. Future additions to the fossil record of Paranthropus, as well as the developmentDevelopment of imaging and 3D modelling techniques, will certainly contribute to refine our understanding of the evolution of the brainBrain of Paranthropus.