This chapter serves as a guide for program developers and facilitators to understand how students learn within a problem-based learning (PBL) program and become effective lifelong learners. It begins by discussing the value of the introducing of students to PBL as an active form of learning, the expectation of their roles, and the goal of developing master adaptive learners (MAL). The chapter then examines common challenges students encounter in PBL and suggests strategies for overcoming them. As the chapter continues focus shifts to applying strategies that develop self-assessments to effectively fill knowledge gaps. In closing, an idealized group learning curve is presented to illustrate the progression of learning in a well-functioning PBL group.