A thorough preoperative medical assessment plays a pivotal role in ensuring the safe execution of surgery. This assessment entails a comprehensive patient history, a meticulous physical examination, and a standardized battery of preoperative tests. Furthermore, the development of the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocol has outlined a comprehensive perioperative management strategy aimed at facilitating early recovery for surgical patients. The ERAS pathway comprises four crucial components: prehabilitation, preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative programs. Both prehabilitation and rehabilitation are of paramount importance in enhancing patient care. The ERAS approach is grounded in evidence-based medicine, with accumulating evidence indicating that its adoption leads to a reduced complication rate and shorter hospital stays compared to conventional care protocols. The integration of ERAS has significantly improved patient outcomes and concurrently lowered the overall cost of care. This chapter will provide a synopsis of the steps essential for a thorough preoperative clinical assessment and present contemporary evidence about Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS). The focus will be on delineating the various components of ERAS and elucidating strategies for their implementation in clinical practice.