Lactation is a cornerstone of human health, development, and social cohesion in addition to fundamental biological processes. Recognizing its importance underscores the need for support and advocacy to ensure optimal breastfeeding practices and outcomes for individuals, families, and communities worldwide. The chapter delves into the intricate physiological processes underlying lactation in mammals, focusing on the remarkable interplay of hormonal regulation and neural mechanisms governing milk production and ejection. Beginning with an overview of mammary gland development, the discussion progresses to elucidate the hormonal milieu orchestrated by prolactin, oxytocin, and other key players in lactation initiation and maintenance. Emphasis is placed on the dynamic interplay between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and mammary tissue, highlighting their roles in the feedback loops essential for milk synthesis, storage, and release. Furthermore, the chapter explores the influence of environmental, psychological, and nutritional factors on lactation, shedding light on the multifaceted nature of lactation control. Insights gleaned from both basic science and clinical research are synthesized to provide a comprehensive understanding of lactation physiology, with implications for maternal and infant health. Finally, emerging trends and future directions in lactation research are discussed, underscoring the ongoing quest to unravel the complexities of this fundamental biological process.