Peri-conceptional period is a well-established critical period for the offspring’s health and adulthood in which appropriate healthcare can improve overall outcomes. In the last decades, we witnessed a gradual shift of medical prevention and health promotion from general to specific-oriented prediction and prevention in the peri-conceptional period. Clinicians pay great attention to the period around conception, because it is well-recognized as being critical in the processes mediating parental influences on the next generation’s health. Essential requirements to have in order to offer the best peri-conceptional care and to obtain good clinical outcomes: The purpose of this chapter is to briefly describe how the concept of risk and of pathology is an essential point of start for any medical setting, especially in the peri-conceptional period in which the clinical care and the patient’s compliance are determining elements to prevent and/or to decrease several potential adverse pregnancy and long-life outcomes. Risk and pathology are two-way and linked concepts. In every medical setting, a multicomponent healthy lifestyle should be encouraged in child-bearing age and in early pregnancy as well as elimination of any unhealthy behavior and disorder. Nonetheless, any disease condition has to be detected as early as possible in order to better plan and manage the gestation. Correct risk awareness and evaluation represent a formidable challenge in the health scenario for the present and, especially, for future generations.