Globally, the surge in waste generation continues to pose serious environmental and health challenges. As a result, achieving a sustainable future demands a transition from the traditional linear resource consumption pattern to a circular economy, a strategy of redefining waste to resources. This study explores actionable strategies to allow this transition by focusing on integrating sustainability into waste management systems. The study highlights potential techniques for transforming the “take-make-waste” model into resource recovery and reuse systems by examining existing and emerging technologies, innovative practices, and effective policies. Techniques include advancements in sustainable production technologies, advanced recycling systems, and interventions that add economic value to waste materials. Regional approaches to decentralized waste treatment in rural and urban settings are emphasized for scalability and adaptability. Policy frameworks such as Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) and incentive-driven zero-waste programs are highlighted for their role in fostering environmental accountability. Additionally, we present exemplary initiatives, including community-led projects, public–private partnerships, and the integration of informal sectors in waste management frameworks. Case studies from Denmark, Rwanda, South Korea, Japan, Sweden, and the Netherlands represent practical applications of these strategies. Critical global challenges remain despite notable progress, including scalability limitations, economic viability, technological constraints, policy and regulatory gaps, and persistent societal perceptions around waste. This review offers a roadmap for policymakers, industries, and communities to drive a sustainable transition, contributing to the global discourse on sustainable waste management and offering a replicable framework for action.