This chapter explores the theoretical foundations and current developments in cognitive cartography, focussing on its implications for map design and user interaction. The first section analyses cognitive processes involved in map reading—particularly attention, perception, and cognitive load—highlighting how these are shaped by user-related factors (such as age, experience, or environmental conditions) and map-related factors (such as visual complexity and task demands). The second part addresses methods for evaluating optimal map use, combining subjective tools like user questionnaires with objective techniques such as eye-tracking. This dual approach allows for a deeper understanding of how users cognitively engage with maps, informing more effective an user-centred cartographic design. By bridging cognitive science and cartographic practice, this chapter contributes to the development of evidence-based strategies that enhance spatial understanding and communication.