To analyze the foundations of philosophical ecology, it is first necessary to start from the philosophy of relations and the debate between internal and external relations that developed beginning with the reflections of Bertrand Russell in the early twentieth century. Philosophical ecology, while embracing the considerations of the philosophy of relations, diverges from it by maintaining that the relationships among living beings cannot be assessed on the same terms as those involving non-living entities. When confronted with an organism, relations cannot be considered outside of an evolutionary framework and a specific ecological positioning. For this reason, it is essential to approach these relations through an eco-ontological lens, governed by precise factors.