Textile waste has been considered a significant environmental issue worldwide. The progressive buildup of discarded textile materials, such as fabric waste, dyes, and pigments, in eco-systems and landfills poses a serious environmental threat. To solve the problems caused by synthetic textile waste, scientists are focusing on eco-friendly polymers and biodegradable polymeric materials made from natural resources. Biodegradable polymers sourced from renewable resources are now attracting significant attention due to their numerous applications in the textile industry. This book chapter presents the sources, properties, areas of application, and prospects of biopolymers in relation to textile waste management.