As pressure on land and its interactions with other natural resources continue to grow, there is an urgent need for scientific land use planning to foster a sustainable balance among land, water, and the environment. This chapter examines land use changes in Sri Lanka from historical times to the present, highlighting key legislation and institutions involved in land use planning, with particular emphasis on soil conservation. To address the challenges of water governance in the context of land use, Sri Lanka must undertake a series of governance reforms.