This chapter, Confidentiality, Informed Consent, and Patient Autonomy in Surgery, by Alberto R Ferreres discusses how confidentiality, informed consent, and patient autonomy are prime ethical and legal pillars in surgical practice and are usually intertwined in all circumstances during patient care. Confidentiality ensures that a patient’s medical information is and will be kept private and only shared with those directly involved in their surgical and medical care. The informed consent process is the mechanism by which a patient voluntarily agrees to undergo a surgical procedure after being fully informed of the nature of the intervention, the risks and benefits, other possible alternatives, including not doing anything, and its consequences. Lastly, autonomy within the patient–physician relationship means that patients have the right to make decisions about their own health and their care, even if their choices go against medical or surgical advice. A balanced form of paternalism, wherein surgeons offer expert guidance while still respecting the patient’s preferences and overall autonomy, is discussed.