Filopaludina bengalensis, a widely available and nutritionally rich freshwater gastropod, serves as a vital food source for local communities in the Banka River region of Bardhaman, India. However, increasing industrial pollution has led to significant heavy metal contamination in aquatic ecosystems, raising concerns about the accumulation of toxic elements like lead (Pb) in these organisms and their subsequent impact on human health. Given the high dependence of local populations on these gastropods for sustenance, assessing the extent of lead bioaccumulation and its potential health risks has become imperative. Water, sediment, and gastropod samples were systematically collected and analyzed for Pb concentrations, while key environmental parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and temperature were monitored for their influence on metal uptake. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that Pb contamination is strongly linked to water quality degradation, with pH and DO playing critical roles in Pb mobility and bioavailability. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling further highlighted pH as the most influential predictor of Pb accumulation, though bioaccumulation in gastropod tissues was found to be governed by additional ecological and physiological factors. This study investigates lead accumulation in both the externally exposed and internal organs of F. bengalensis, providing a comprehensive evaluation of its role in pollutant transfer through the food chain. Samples of gastropod tissue, river sediment, and water were systematically collected from multiple sites and analyzed in the laboratory to determine lead concentrations. In addition, in situ environmental parameters, including pH, dissolved oxygen levels, and temperature, were recorded to assess their influence on metal uptake. To evaluate the human health implications, surveys were conducted among individuals who frequently consume these gastropods, with a focus on their dietary habits, socio-economic conditions, and possible health effects. Findings reveal that lead concentration in river water significantly influences its bioaccumulation in F. bengalensis. Elevated lead levels were detected in both soft tissues and outer shells of the gastropods, posing a potential health hazard to consumers. Notably, individuals over the age of 40 and those from economically disadvantaged backgrounds, who rely heavily on the Banka River for food, were identified as the most vulnerable groups. The hazard quotient (HQ) analysis indicated a substantial risk of lead toxicity in frequent consumers, highlighting the urgent need for pollution control measures, public health awareness, and sustainable mitigation strategies to safeguard both environmental and human health.