Although there was a rich tradition of Greek music dating back to pre-Homeric times (9th century BCE), written records of its theorization only emerged from the 4th century BCE onwards, with the works of Aristoxenus and Euclid. The two authors presented markedly disparate conceptions of music. The former was firmly anchored in auditory experience, whereas the latter was rooted in the abstract realm of numbers, an approach that is now known as Pythagoreanism. In addition to the treatises of Euclid and Aristoxenus, numerous other ancient works have been preserved. Of particular significance is Claudius Ptolemy’s Harmonica from the 2nd century CE, which represents a synthesis of the musical traditions prevalent during that period. The theoretical framework of Greek music serves as a foundation for modern Western music, with a similar number of notes and interval sizes. A fundamental characteristic of the ancient Greek music, which distinguishes it from modern music, is the idea that the harmonies observed in it are only the tip of the iceberg of a larger, more comprehensive harmony that encompasses the whole of creation.