This chapter explores the impact of China’s aid and investment on green environment and development in Africa. African countries are key beneficiaries of China’s aid and investment through the Belt and Road Initiatives (BRI), as a form foreign direct investment (FDI). Recently, the energy sector has become a central focus of China’s BRI engagement, with substantial investments, particularly in green energy projects. This study empirically investigates the long-run relationship between China’s aid, FDI and their effects on green environment through carbon emissions, green development through renewable energy, and the role of governance in mediating these effects. To achieve this, we use the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) estimator on a panel of African countries for the period 2003 to 2020. The key empirical findings reveal differentiated impacts of China’s aid and foreign direct investment (FDI) on environmental outcomes in African countries. While no significant long-run relationship is found between China’s aid and environmental quality, the long-run link between China’s aid and green energy development is however significant and negative. In contrast, China’s FDI shows a significant long-run relationship with improved environmental quality, as it reduces carbon emission intensity in participating African countries. Similarly, a significant but negative long-term relationship exists between China’s FDI and green energy development, suggesting that FDI, unlike aid, may better support environmental improvements despite its limitations for green energy expansion. Governance quality is a critical factor. It is consistently statistically significant, negative on CO2 emissions, and positive on renewable energy suggesting that effective governance can reduce environmental degradation while fostering sustainable green alternatives. To conclude our chapter, we present case studies on China’s most recent green investment initiatives in Africa.