The focus of this chapter is on police responses to new and emerging forms of criminality and the implications of these responses for police governance. As discussed in Chapter 3 of Volume 2, the introduction of the National Intelligence Model in 2002 (operational in 2004) differentiated between 3 Levels of crime and the manner in which Levels 2 and 3 are responded to form the focus of this chapter. This chapter will develop arguments presented in Chapter 3 of this volume regarding police force amalgamations that were put forward in the HMIC report in 2005 as a method of tackling L2 criminality. These proposals were subsequently abandoned and replaced by inter-force collaboration. The contemporary response to county lines gangs will form an aspect of this discussion. The involvement of specialist policing units such as Special Branch (now housed within counter-terrorism units) and the development of a national policing body, initially SOCA and now the NCA) as responses to L3 criminality raise important issues relating to police governance which will be discussed in this chapter.