Vietnam’s construction sector plays a crucial role in economic growth but faces various challenges such as ineffective project management and lack of sustainability. This study identifies and categorizes critical success factors (CSFs) to enhance management efficiency and promote sustainable development in Vietnamese construction projects. Data were collected from a survey of 192 participants conducted between July and December 2024. Initially, 36 CSFs were identified through a comprehensive literature review and expert interviews, then analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), which grouped them into six main groups. The results highlight the importance of organizational capability, project management, sustainability, technology, and infrastructure. The study offers practical insights to help construction enterprises improve management practices, optimize resource allocation, and pursue long-term development goals.