This chapter introduces the contributions to this collective work, which presents different aspects of the challenges associated with emerging markets and industrialized countries in the new wave of globalization. The collected papers illustrate various aspects of the structural challenges faced by countries during their development: integration into global value chains, attracting FDI, the role of infrastructure, the role of geopolitics, positioning international value chains, as well as monetary and financial issues. This work is complemented by reflections on the effects of demographic aging and quantitative easing monetary policies in Japan and the United States.