Oil palm cultivation, still based on intensive monoculture, raises ongoing concerns about its sustainability and impact on climate change. Despite slower expansion, the sector remains globally interconnected, with rising involvement from Southern and Asian countries in processing and biofuel production. Labor shortages and climate vulnerabilities, especially during droughts, threaten productivity and demand mechanisation. Climate change weakens palm productivity through disrupted photosynthesis and flowering patterns. Additionally, biodiversity loss from deforestation.