Chapter 2 explores how agency and languaculture can help develop a sense of learner self-reflection and self-critique. By building on first and additional language/culture knowledge, resources and experiences, the chapter argues for the intimate interrelationship between language and culture as expressed through agency and languaculture. Agency and languaculture allow interlocutors to convey desired degrees of individuality and communicative purpose as they evaluate their relationships, the overall situation/context and underlying interactional/transactional purposes. Exploring the concepts of agency and languaculture, the chapter examines the integral cultural dimension to additional-language learning. Agency in an additional language involves navigating experienced/unexperienced practices, accommodating existing schemata (knowledge and experience of the world), confronting identifiable/unfamiliar norms and dealing with explicit/implicit behaviour and practices. Languaculture as situated cultural and language knowledge provides insights into the enactment of the additional-language user’s worldview. Rather than achieving cultural conformity and embracing inner circle norms and seeking ‘acculturation’, languaculture focuses on navigating societal and individual additional-language cultural relationships. Agency and languaculture encourage interlocutors explore and reflect on both successful and less successful communication in individualistic and societal terms.