Water polluted by petroleum substances has been recognized as a significant source of environmental contamination. Environmental stakeholders and industry collaborators have pinpointed coagulation-flocculation as a key method for treating contaminated water. This chapter examines the effectiveness of the coagulation process in eliminating total hydrocarbon content, grease, crude oil, total oil content, trace heavy metals, color pigments, and BTEX, among other components of petroleum. It also determines the sources of water contamination and evaluates how coagulation factors such as pH, dosage optimization, temperature, and sedimentation affect removal efficiencies. The properties of coagulants and the flocculation process play a crucial role in their ability to eliminate petroleum components from water. The chapter evaluates the potential of synthetic materials for water treatment, considers their environmental and economic implications, discusses limitations, and proposes future research avenues for sustainable petroleum resource management and water recovery.