This article is devoted to evaluating the process of longitudinal turning of vessel steel 10GN2MFA, and determining the machining regimes that provides the best vibration performance of this process. In solving this problem, the method of digital simulation of the process of force factors in the cutting process was used, taking into account the disturbing effects of machine tools. To determine a number of input data for digital modeling, field experiments were conducted with varying turning speeds, as a result of which the vibration characteristics inherent in the cutting system under study were determined in each of the modes. In the course of field experiments, vibration accelerations in the cutting system were evaluated along three coordinate axes. The presence of cutting speeds characterized by the minimum total vibration energy has been established. It was also found that when turning at all the studied speeds with sharply sharpened plates, the average roughness of the turning surfaces is within the range of Ra1.0–1.3 microns. By constructing a digital twin of the evolutionary changes in cutting forces during processing, a rational range of processing speeds with the least fluctuations in this parameter is determined. Durability tests have confirmed that when turning workpieces at speeds within a given range, the wear of the working faces of the cutting tool is minimal, while significantly increasing the processing time with minimal surface roughness for a longer processing time.