Neuroblastoma
摘要
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a tumor that originates from neural crest tissue. NB arises from sympathetic nervous system cells, specifically sympathoadrenal progenitor cells. Tumors primarily manifest on the suprarenal medulla; signs and clinical symptoms can range from benign tumors to severe cases resulting from tumor metastasis. Each year, over 650 patients are diagnosed in the United States, with a prevalence of 1 case per 7000 live births and an incidence of approximately 10.54 cases per million annually in children under 15 years of age. The prognosis for neuroblastoma depends on the degree of tumor differentiation, the presence or absence of stroma, the patient’s age, and the status of the MYCN oncogene and chromosome 11q.21,22. Patients are classified into four groups: (I) very low risk, (II) low risk, (III) intermediate risk, and (IV) high risk. In 90% of cases, low-risk patients exhibit a favorable prognosis, while 60% of high-risk patients have an unfavorable prognosis. Furthermore, treatment responses can vary widely, ranging from total remission to multiple drug resistance and severe toxicity [1]. Half of patients with high-risk NB do not respond to first-line treatment or experience relapse within 2 years after receiving treatment.