This chapter briefly reviews the role of clinical neuropsychology in the context of epilepsy surgery, from the perspective of potential factors that influence pre- and postsurgical cognitive function in people with epilepsy. Neuropsychological assessment will provide insight into cognitive but also behavioral, emotional, and psychosocial factors of patients, as well as indications of postsurgical changes over time or treatment. It also provides hypotheses about the lateralization and localization of brain dysfunction that can be integrated with the results of other diagnostic procedures. The nature and severity of cognitive impairments in epilepsy is related not only to the localization of epileptic discharges but also to other clinical neurological factors as anti-seizure medication. In the context of surgical treatment, most attention is paid to temporal lobe epilepsies (TLE) and, to a lesser extent, to frontal lobe epilepsies (FLE) and posterior located epilepsies. In general, the cognitive impairments in TLE are related to memory and language, whereas in FLE executive function impairments are more prominent. The final section discusses the prediction of cognitive outcome and briefly reviews some neuropsychological controversies in epilepsy surgery.