The temporal lobe is a result of the brain’s late evolutionary expansion, a development most prominent and relevant in primates. As noted by Edward (Clark, J Pediatr:416–417, 2004) in the context of heart development, the most recently evolved structures—such as the left atrium and outflow tract—are more susceptible to developmental malformations. This principle may also apply to the temporal lobe and its vascular supply. Therefore, in this article, we describe the functional anatomy and blood supply of the temporal lobe as a foundation for surgical intervention.