Climate change is a key issue which is suppressing agricultural production in many smallholders farming environments, altering crop and livestock productivity. It is critical to address the issue of climate change as this affects food security, agricultural income and creates vulnerability especially to those people in arid and semi-arid areas. This objective of this chapter was to explore the mitigatory and adaptation strategies which smallholder farmers can use to reduce effects of climate change and improve crop and livestock productivity. Smallholder farmers need to adopt climate-smart agricultural practices such as conservation agriculture, agroforestry, rainwater harvesting techniques, efficient irrigation systems, and climate-smart crop varieties and animal breeds. These mitigation strategies improve soil fertility, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and increase crop and livestock productivity. Soil and water conservation is among adaptation strategies which enhanced resilience to climate-related shocks such as total crop failure, outbreak of pests and diseases. Conservation agriculture increase grain yield by 40% and reduce emission of greenhouse gas by 25% in Zambia and by 12% in Brazil. Carbon dioxide sequestration increased by 1.3 t CO2 eq ha−1 yr−1 in Brazil. Growing of climate resilient crops increase food security as evidenced by sorghum grain yield which was raised from 250 to 1146 kg ha−1 in Zimbabwe and pearl millet from 300 to 2500 kg ha−1 in Tanzania. The adoption of rainwater harvesting techniques as mitigatory strategy to climate change increased crop yields by 50–400% depending on location and soil type. It is important to note that climate change related constraints which affect smallholder farmers can be mitigated using various adaptation strategies which include conservation agriculture, growing climate-resilient crops, and use of soil and water conservation techniques.