Facial Feminization Lower Face
摘要
Facial feminization surgery (FFS) aims to harmonize facial features to align with a more traditionally feminine aesthetic. A critical component of this transformation involves modifying the lower third of the face, including the mandibular angles, chin, and associated soft tissues. Advances in computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided modeling (CAM), and virtual surgical planning (VSP) have revolutionized the precision and predictability of these procedures. This chapter reviews the anatomical considerations of the lower third of the face and explores the application of VSP in planning and executing mandibular angle contouring, genioplasty, and soft tissue modifications. Through case examples, we illustrate how CAD/CAM facilitate individualized surgical planning, optimize osteotomies, and improve aesthetic outcomes. Additionally, we discuss the challenges and potential complications encountered in these procedures, including strategies for precise planning to prevent dental and nerve injury, techniques to enhance soft tissue adaptation, and approaches to achieving facial symmetry. By leveraging digital technology, surgeons can enhance preoperative visualization, streamline intraoperative execution, and improve patient satisfaction in FFS.