This chapter focusses on the social and geopolitical dimension of scientific universalism. It gives a short historical overview of the sociology of science and related research programmes like the history of science, science studies, and (eco-)feminist, post-colonial, subaltern and decolonial studies. While pioneering works of Karl Mannheim, Boris Hessen and Ludwik Fleck laid the groundwork for the constructionist research programme, later contributions form (eco-)feminist, post- and decolonial authors from the global “South” have been essential for understanding the historical role of modern science as a means to stigmatise, subalternise, oppress, and exploit both nature and a major part of humanity. Particularly, the research programme of modernity/coloniality as defined by Anibal Quijano, Walter Mignolo, Edgardo Lander, Enrique Dussel, and others, provides a powerful theoretical framework for a decolonial analysis of the geopolitics of knowledge. Together with authors like Eduardo Viveiros de Castro, Boaventura de Souza Santos, Isabelle Stengers, and Sandra Harding these contributions point to the necessity of an equitable dialogue between different epistemologies and practices of knowing.