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This chapter examines greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, specifically carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), from 108 countries between 1990 and 2020. It employs k-means clustering with a Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) metric to categorize countries into high, medium, and low emission clusters based on total and per capita emissions. CO2, mostly resulting from fossil fuel consumption in energy, industry, and transportation, constitutes the majority of emissions, with China and the U.S. responsible for 44% of the world total. Methane emissions from agricultural and fossil fuel extraction significantly impact India, Brazil, and Turkmenistan, but N2O, associated with nitrogen-based fertilizers, exhibits elevated per capita contributions from Australia, New Zealand, and some regions of Africa. Customized mitigation measures targeting regional and sector-specific factors are essential, including energy transitions, sustainable agriculture, and land-use management. Clustering offers policymakers a framework for focused climate action, correlating emission profiles with corresponding remedies. Future research must concentrate on sectoral emissions, real-time monitoring, and mitigating effects to further global net-zero objectives.

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Greenhouse Gas Emissions Clustering for Net Zero Goals

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Alma Yunuen Raya-Tapia,
  • Francisco Javier López-Flores,
  • César Ramírez-Márquez,
  • José María Ponce-Ortega

摘要

This chapter examines greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, specifically carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), from 108 countries between 1990 and 2020. It employs k-means clustering with a Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) metric to categorize countries into high, medium, and low emission clusters based on total and per capita emissions. CO2, mostly resulting from fossil fuel consumption in energy, industry, and transportation, constitutes the majority of emissions, with China and the U.S. responsible for 44% of the world total. Methane emissions from agricultural and fossil fuel extraction significantly impact India, Brazil, and Turkmenistan, but N2O, associated with nitrogen-based fertilizers, exhibits elevated per capita contributions from Australia, New Zealand, and some regions of Africa. Customized mitigation measures targeting regional and sector-specific factors are essential, including energy transitions, sustainable agriculture, and land-use management. Clustering offers policymakers a framework for focused climate action, correlating emission profiles with corresponding remedies. Future research must concentrate on sectoral emissions, real-time monitoring, and mitigating effects to further global net-zero objectives.