Forced Marriage Within Muslim Communities in England: Religious Coercive Control or Religious Duty?
摘要
This chapter applies Evan Stark’s concept of coercive control to explore the pervasive, lifelong experiences of control faced by Muslim women subjected to forced marriages, highlighting how religious duty is weaponised as a mechanism of coercion. Forced marriage is not a singular event but a process involving multidimensional and sustained control, reinforced through religious norms, familial pressures, and community dynamics. Through victim-survivors’ testimonies, the chapter identifies three primary ways in which religion intersects with patriarchal domination to entrap women. First, religious interpretations are leveraged by families and communities to force women into marriage and prevent them from exiting forced marriages. Second, perpetrators enforce traditional gender norms, rooted in religious expectations of female obedience, to assert control over women’s bodies. Third, women’s fears of violating religious obligations and facing community exclusion are exploited to sustain coercion. This chapter will explore how religion and religious control can be an important area of coercion that is often overlooked in discussions around forced marriage in Muslim communities in the UK. The analysis reflects a ‘cage of religious domination’ [Stark, Coercive Control: How Men Entrap Women in Personal Life. Oxford University Press (2007)] that works alongside male domination to trap women, with religion providing legitimacy to the abuse. By employing coercive control as an analytical lens, this chapter advances understanding of how religion is used as an oppressive tool in the context of forced marriages.