This chapter explores how practitioners, both those working within UK-based Sharia councils and those based in secular women’s organisations, understand and negotiate questions of gendered agency, justice, and polygamy. Drawing on interviews with religious scholars, council panellists, marriage counsellors, and support workers, as well as observations of women seeking Islamic divorce, the chapter examines how polygamy and women’s rights are interpreted within these distinct institutional and ideological settings. Sharia council practitioners often view polygamy as divinely sanctioned, suggesting that women retain religious agency through their right to seek divorce. In contrast, secular practitioners challenge these frameworks, viewing them as reinforcing structural gender inequalities and seeing polygamy as harmful or coercive. While the women observed were not passive, their options were often shaped by family, community, and religious pressures. The chapter highlights the tensions between religious authority and human rights, and the need to critically reflect on how informal justice systems operate and whose interests they ultimately serve, in multicultural societies.