Surgical instruments are effective sterilization, and infection control cornerstones of modern healthcare to directly affect patient outcomes, surgical success. Furthermore, this comprehensive review of contemporary innovations in the sterilization methodologies and methods of infection prevention in surgical environments is focused on the activities triggered by CovidP-19 pandemic. Traditionally, sterilization is carried out by such methods as autoclave processing, ethylene oxide sterilisation, and hydrogen peroxide plasma; we assess their comparative efficacy, and evaluate their limitations, systematically. Finally, the paper looks into the latest technologies that are disrupting the industry with antimicrobial coatings, UV-C light disinfection systems, automated sterilization robotics, and high levels of monitoring. Drawing upon recent case studies, we pin down issues that have led to sterilization failure as well as exemplary implementation of such procedures. This research works to review regulatory frameworks and compliance standards which are the key elements that keep other healthcare institutions around the globe operate with the same practices. We demonstrate significant advances in process validation methodologies with corresponding challenges that persist, such as resource constraints and the propensity for multi-drug resistant organisms. Building on evidence from several healthcare contexts, we suggest a forward looking framework for applying best practice through an intersection of technological innovation and simple application. Artificial intelligence, smart monitoring systems with nanotechnology, are promising ways to go forward to improve the efficacy of sterilization and prevent infections and ensure patient safety and optimal operating room results in modern healthcare settings.