Rapid urbanization and industrialization have resulted in a considerable rise in micropollutants in aquatic ecosystems, raising substantial apprehension among the scientific community. These contaminants, originating from diverse human activities, are often found in sewage, surface water, groundwater, and potable water. A primary route for their entry into surface waters is the effluent discharge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), which often fail to remove complex and varied micropollutants altogether. Conventional methods for evaluating the impacts of micropollutants on aquatic species are limited by their inability to consider the complex characteristics of these contaminants and their interactions. Recent improvements in analytical methodology, including non-target and suspect screening, direct impact studies, and multiomics approaches, significantly expand our knowledge of micropollutant behavior and impacts. Inherent variables, such as hydrophobicity, biodegradability, volatility, and extrinsic parameters, including pH, temperature, and wastewater composition, determine the fate of micropollutants in aquatic environments. Competing interactions among various micropollutants further complicate their environmental behavior and removal. Accurate prediction of the downstream effects of micropollutants requires an extensive understanding of their environmental behavior, enhanced by advanced predictive models. This chapter offers an overview of existing information about the occurrence, distribution, and fate of micropollutants in aquatic ecosystems, emphasizing significant issues and innovative solutions. A comprehensive knowledge of these characteristics is essential for developing effective management methods to reduce the ecological and human health concerns posed by micropollutants.