This comprehensive clinical examination guide outlines the assessment of neuromuscular and neurological function with focus on segmental innervation and motor deficits. It includes dermatome-based sensibility testing, muscle atrophy identification, and observation of vegetative and trophic changes. Special emphasis is placed on the back and shoulder girdle, highlighting conditions such as scapula alata and dropped shoulder, including their neural correlates (e.g., long thoracic, spinal accessory, and dorsal scapular nerves). Detailed motor testing procedures for upper and lower limb muscles are provided, including specific tests for the integrity of the nerves. Functional assessments in various patient positions (standing, prone, supine, sitting) are included to evaluate gait abnormalities (e.g., Trendelenburg sign, foot drop) and muscle strength. This guide serves as a practical framework for localized neurological diagnostics in a clinical setting.