This chapter focusses on Catalonia the most robust and contested of our West European case studies. It details the promotional and regulatory interventions undertaken by the Generalitat of Catalonia, often in the face of fierce opposition from Madrid. Given its high rate of immigration, Catalan organisations have established a range of opportunities whereby newly arrived migrants can learn Catalan, thereby strengthening social cohesion. The dramatic effect of the independence referendum on the stability of language promotion is analysed as is the impact of current language policy reform.