This chapter concerns Spain and traces initiatives in the Basque Autonomous Community. The adoption of a new Spanish Constitution in 1978 marked a turning point in the transition to democracy after Franco’s death in 1975. The constitution declares that Spain is a constitutional monarchy which enshrines freedom, justice, equality and political pluralism. It guarantees the separation of powers into executive, legislative and judicial branches. Under the Franco regime the democratic opposition consistently called for the introduction of regional autonomy, which was fiercely resisted by the political right and many of the established agencies of the state, the judiciary together with elements in the Church and the armed forces. Such sentiments have persisted today in many quarters, despite two generations of systemic reform. The chapter provides detailed case studies of language initiatives in the private sector and at the community level.