This chapter provides a comparative analysis of the socio-economic conditions of Romanian peasants in Transylvania and in the Romanian Principalities (later the Romanian Kingdom) during the long nineteenth century. While earlier historiography has emphasized the subordinate position of Romanians within the Habsburg Empire, the chapter asks how the material conditions of peasants in Transylvania compared to those of peasants living south and east of the Carpathians between 1870 and 1914. Drawing on historical statistics and recent scholarship, it examines differences in land ownership, productivity, living standards, and patterns of social mobility, attributing divergent trajectories of rural development to contrasting imperial legacies and institutional frameworks. The chapter argues that institutional development and state capacity played a more important role in shaping peasant welfare than ethnic domination or national sovereignty. It shows that independent Romania did not necessarily offer more favorable conditions for peasant life than Habsburg Transylvania during this period. More broadly, the chapter advances a comparative political-economy approach and invites scholars of Romanian and Austro-Hungarian economic history to pursue further comparative analyses of rural development in imperial and post-imperial contexts, prior to the advent of state socialism, which flattened the socio-economic structures of the countryside through a combination of co-optation and violence.