This chapter examines the legal measures taken by the Romanian state to include peasants in the category of citizens with full rights, as well as the subsequent policies aimed at the material upliftment of the rural world after the First World War. The political integration of the peasantry—their transformation from subjects into citizens—relied on land redistribution and universal male suffrage. Together with educational reforms aimed at reducing illiteracy in rural areas and the encouragement of various institutions active in village life (primarily the Church, but also cooperatives and others), the measures concerning agriculture and the electoral system were regarded as essential to building a new political society. After reviewing the relevant historiography, the authors argue that agrarian reform and universal suffrage, though landmark measures, were unevenly implemented and insufficient to foster genuine political inclusion and emancipation. These reforms, conceived in a top-down and often symbolic manner, failed to meaningfully transform the social and civic status of most peasants.