Over the past three decades, there has been considerable diversity in population growth rates among Arctic regions. These range from a near doubling of the population of Nunavut in Canada to a 70 percent decline in the population in Chukotka in the Russian Far East. At lower geographic levels, there has been a trend towards the concentration of populations into larger urban centers and considerable shrinkage or closure of many smaller settlements. A combination of demographic and economic factors have contributed to these trends, including Russia’s transition to a market economy. All Arctic regions are part of demographically advanced countries, but they differ considerably in population size, growth rates, and settlement structure as well as in fertility, epidemiological, and migration patterns. There are also significant demographic differences between Arctic indigenous and non-indigenous populations. This chapter analyzes population change in the Arctic since 1990 showing the incredible differences among regions and settlements in the Arctic.