Innovation enthusiasts have spoken eloquently about the work-saving, environment-helping, and society-changing elements of scientific and technological transformation. A smaller number of cautionary critics, starting with Jeremy Rifkin’s prescient The End of Work, worried about how rapid and largely unregulated technological change would alter patterns of work and employment opportunities. (Rifkin, Jeremy, The end of work: The decline of the global labor force and the dawn of the post-market era. GP Putnam's Sons, New York, 1995)) The standard analysis, captured in Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee’s The Second Machine Age, is that robotics, digitization, and artificial intelligence will collectively eliminate millions of highly paid, stable jobs, potentially eviscerating the middle class in the western industrial world ((Brynjolfsson, Erik, and Andrew McAfee, The second machine age: Work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies. WW Norton & Company, 2014), (Brynjolfsson, Erik, and Andrew McAfee, Brynjolfsson and McAfee 2012)). While there will be expanding opportunities in some sectors, particularly in high technology areas, the consensus is that many manual, repetitive jobs will disappear in a wave of workplace innovation.