In this chapter, we focus on the linguistic profiles associated with some major neurodevelopment disorders and the potentialities of the individuals affected by these disorders to develop more advanced awareness in general, and in language in particular. We addressed eight clinical conditions: Developmental Language Disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Developmental Dyslexia, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Williams Syndrome, Down Syndrome, Klinefelter Syndrome, Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum. In each case, we provided essential information on the current definitions, etiology, epidemiology, and a more analytic overview of the cognitive and linguistic profiles. Lastly, we illustrated the main findings of the intervention programs devised to overcome the typical linguistic weaknesses of each clinical condition, and analyzed the metalinguistic potentialities involved in the most promising outcomes observed.