Apriorism and Eschatology in Berdyaev’s Ethics
摘要
The foundation of Nikolai Berdyaev’s ethics is freedom, not good, happiness, or utility, as we find in his predecessors’ philosophies. The free will doctrine also does not satisfy this author because he considers that such conception does not contribute to understanding freedom. For Berdyaev, those who postulate an a priori existence of free will are turning humans into slaves. The doctrine of free will belongs to the category of determinist theories, which make human beings subject to necessity, which is contrary to the concept of freedom. Ethical notions, among which we refer to that of the Old Testament or to those of philosophical systems, are moral theories of the Law, freedom or the autonomy of the person, within them, is artificial, non-existent, insofar as they claim obedience to the law. As a Christian philosopher, as he declares himself to be, Berdyaev emphasizes an ethics of salvation and creation, both rooted in the theanthropic nature of the person and in his freedom and vocation. Living in his world "beyond good and evil", man, as a free being, prefers the creation of spiritual values to goodness, happiness, and utility. No law can make a person prefer happiness to freedom.