Despite their geographical disparities, researchers occasionally consider London and Kolkata similar due to shared historical significance and colonial legacies. Both cities have diverse populations, fostering parallels in exploring multiculturalism, migration, and urban challenges. It is crucial, however, to recognize and respect the unique characteristics that differentiate each city and shape their trajectories. This paper presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of water risks arising from climate change in two distinct urban contexts— London, United Kingdom, and Kolkata, India. As both cities grapple with the escalating impacts of a changing climate, this study focuses specifically on the diverse challenges related to anthropogenic water interactions. London, characterized by its temperate climate and advanced infrastructure, stands in contrast to Kolkata, a tropical cyclone-prone region with unique socio-economic dynamics. In London, the primary risks emanate from increased flooding, changes in precipitation patterns, and heightened urban heat stress affecting water demand. The study examines the effectiveness of adaptive measures involved to address these challenges, including sustainable drainage systems and resilient water supply infrastructure. Additionally, it assesses the impact of climate-induced water stress on the city’s water quality and distribution. Alternatively, Kolkata confronts risks associated with cyclones, rising sea levels, and coastal water impacts, exacerbating water scarcity and quality issues. The paper investigates the adaptive capacity of Kolkata’s water management strategies, considering socio-economic constraints, increased urban water demand during heat waves, and the intricate challenges of saltwater intrusion into freshwater sources. The paper aims to contribute to a refined understanding of climate change impacts on water resources in diverse urban settings due to human interactions. Therefore, the findings of this study not only enhance the academic discourse on climate change and urban water risks but also offer practical insights for policymakers, urban planners, and water resource managers navigating the complexities of climate adaptation in two markedly different urban landscapes.