Plant genetic resource conservation is essential for biodiversity, food security, and ecosystem sustainability. Seed banks and field germplasm collections serve as a foundation for conserving plant genetic resources. However, the use of molecular tools in plant conservation has improved the understanding and management of genetic resources. Molecular techniques such as DNA barcoding, marker-assisted selection (MAS), and next-generation sequencing (NGS) have enabled accurate identification and monitoring of genetic diversity across plant species. These molecular approaches facilitate the evaluation of genetic variability and the detection of rare or endangered genetic trait genotypes. Molecular markers such as amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), SSRs, and SNPs are particularly valuable for assessing plant populations and guiding breeding programs for improving crops. Additionally, molecular data availability bolsters ex situ and in situ conservation efforts by mitigating genetic erosion and supporting the restoration of plant species and ecosystems. Integrating molecular tools with conventional methods offers a comprehensive framework for preserving PGRs. This combined approach is crucial for addressing challenges posed by habitat loss, climate change, and the overexploitation of plant species.