Background: Domestic violence wields a wide range of harmful psychological effects on its victims, including a heightened risk of developing depression and anxiety. Employed women are particularly vulnerable to domestic violence in highly patriarchal societies. However, participation in the workforce can positively influence women’s beliefs in gender equality and increase their decision-making autonomy within the household. This study aims to evaluate whether and how the associations between domestic violence and depressive symptoms vary depending on women’s gender ideology and levels of personal autonomy. Methods: The analysis focuses on China, a country at the crossroads of tradition and modernization. Data were sourced from the third-wave Chinese Women’s Social Status survey, which employed a stratified three-stage sampling design to ensure a nationally representative sample. Our investigation covered employed, married women living in urban areas, aged between 18 and 55 (n = 3268). We used regression models to examine the moderating effects of gender ideology and decision autonomy on the relationship between domestic violence and depression. Results: The results indicate that the negative impact of domestic violence on depression among working wives is moderated by gender ideology (B = −0.68, p < 0.05) as well as decision-making autonomy (B = −0.82, p < 0.05). Discussion: These findings may contribute to the literature on mitigating depression following experiences of domestic violence from an empowerment perspective. Interventions aimed at improving the mental health of working women affected by domestic violence could be directed towards (1) challenging their belief that “men are superior to women” and (2) improving their decision-making autonomy at home.